|
Classification of years when El Niņo or La Niņa and/or
positive or negative Indian Ocean dipole occurred.
Boldface indicates a higher
level of certainty in the classification (see reference for details).
| |
negative IOD |
no IOD |
positive IOD |
| El Niņo |
1930 |
1877 1888 1899 1911 1914 1918 1925 1940 1941
1965 1986 1987 |
1896 1902 1905 1923
1957 1963 1972 1982 1991 1997 |
| No ENSO |
1880 1958 1968 1974 1980
1985 1989 1992 |
1881 1882 1883 1884 1895
1898 1901 1904 1907 1908 1912 1915 1920 1921 1927 1929 1931
1932 1934 1936 1937 1939 1943 1947 1948 1951 1952 1953
1956 1959 1960 1962 1966 1969 1976 1979 1990 1993 1995 |
1885 1887 1891 1894
1900 1913 1919 1926 1935 1944 1945 1946 1961 1967 1977 1983
1994 |
| La Niņa |
1906 1909 1910 1916
1917 1928 1933 1942 1950 1975 1981 |
1878 1879 1886 1889
1890 1892 1893 1897 1903 1922 1924 1938 1949 1954 1955
1964 1970 1971 1973 1978 1984 1988 1996 1998 |
|
Note: Years after 1998 have not been formally classified yet. This
is mainly due to the difficulty in deciding how to remove the climate change
signal.
Reference
Meyers, G.A., P.C. McIntosh, L. Pigot and M.J. Pook, 2007: The
years of El Niņo, La Niņa
and interactions with the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 20,
2872-2880.
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